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Regional Art Workshop Instructors in Illinois Wisconsin and Iowa

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New Deal relief program to fund the visual arts

Federal Art Project
Federal-Art-Project-Icon.jpg

Hawkeye and palette design regarded equally the logo of the Federal Art Projection
Agency overview
Formed 29 August 1935 (1935-08-29)
Dissolved 1943 (1943)
Jurisdiction The states
Headquarters Washington, D.C.
Agency executive
  • Holger Cahill
Parent department Works Progress Assistants (WPA)

The Federal Fine art Project (1935–1943) was a New Deal plan to fund the visual arts in the U.s.. Under national managing director Holger Cahill, it was 1 of five Federal Projection Number One projects sponsored by the Works Progress Administration (WPA), and the largest of the New Bargain fine art projects. It was created not as a cultural activity, but as a relief mensurate to employ artists and artisans to create murals, easel paintings, sculpture, graphic fine art, posters, photography, theatre scenic design, and craft. The WPA Federal Art Project established more 100 community art centers throughout the state, researched and documented American design, commissioned a pregnant body of public art without restriction to content or subject matter, and sustained some ten,000 artists and craft workers during the Bang-up Low.

Background [edit]

Affiche summarizing Federal Art Project employment and activities (November ane, 1936)

The Federal Art Projection was the visual arts arm of the Great Depression-era WPA, a Federal 1 program. Funded under the Emergency Relief Cribbing Act of 1935, information technology operated from August 29, 1935, until June 30, 1943. It was created equally a relief measure to use artists and artisans to create murals, easel paintings, sculpture, graphic fine art, posters, photographs, Index of American Design documentation, museum and theatre scenic design, and arts and crafts. The Federal Fine art Project operated community fine art centers throughout the country where arts and crafts workers and artists worked, exhibited, and educated others.[2] The project created more than than 200,000 separate works, some of them remaining among the most significant pieces of public art in the state.[3]

The Federal Art Project'southward primary goals were to apply out-of-work artists and to provide art for nonfederal municipal buildings and public spaces. Artists were paid $23.threescore a calendar week; tax-supported institutions such every bit schools, hospitals, and public buildings paid simply for materials.[4] The work was divided into art production, art instruction, and art research. The primary output of the fine art-research group was the Index of American Pattern, a mammoth and comprehensive written report of American material culture.

As many every bit 10,000 artists were commissioned to produce work for the WPA Federal Art Project,[five] the largest of the New Deal art projects. Iii comparable but distinctly separate New Deal fine art projects were administered by the The states Department of the Treasury: the Public Works of Fine art Projection (1933–1934), the Section of Painting and Sculpture (1934–1943), and the Treasury Relief Art Project (1935–1938).[6]

The WPA plan made no stardom between representational and nonrepresentational fine art. Abstraction had not all the same gained favor in the 1930s and 1940s, and then was virtually unsalable. Equally a result, the Federal Art Project supported such iconic artists as Jackson Pollock earlier their piece of work could earn them income.[seven]

I particular success was the Milwaukee Handicraft Projection, which started in 1935 equally an experiment that employed 900 people who were classified as unemployable due to their age or disability.[1] : 164 The projection came to employ about 5,000 unskilled workers, many of them women and the long-term unemployed. Historian John Gurda observed that the city'south unemployment hovered at 40% in 1933. "In that yr," he said, "53 per centum of Milwaukee'south property taxes went unpaid considering people just could not afford to make the taxation payments."[viii] Workers were taught bookbinding, cake printing, and design, which they used to create handmade art books and children's books. They produced toys, dolls,[9] theatre costumes, quilts,[8] rugs, draperies, wall hangings, and piece of furniture that were purchased by schools, hospitals,[1] : 164 and municipal organizations[x] for the cost of materials only.[11] In 2014, when the Museum of Wisconsin Art mounted an exhibition of items created by the Milwaukee Handicraft Projection, piece of furniture from it was yet beingness used at the Milwaukee Public Library.[eight]

Holger Cahill was national manager of the Federal Fine art Project. Other administrators included Audrey McMahon, director of the New York Region (New York, New Jersey, and Philadelphia); Clement B. Haupers, director for Minnesota;[12] George Godfrey Thorp (Illinois), [13] and Robert Bruce Inverarity, director for Washington. Regional New York supervisors of the Federal Art Project have included sculptor William Ehrich (1897–1960) of the Buffalo Unit (1938–1939), project director of the Buffalo Zoo expansion.[fourteen]

Notable artists [edit]

Some 10,000 artists were commissioned to work for the Federal Fine art Project.[5] Notable artists include the following:

  • William Abbenseth[15]
  • Berenice Abbott[sixteen]
  • Ida York Abelman[1] : 178
  • Gertrude Abercrombie[17]
  • Benjamin Abramowitz[eighteen]
  • Abe Ajay[19]
  • Ivan Albright[one] : 161
  • Maxine Albro[twenty]
  • Charles Alston[21]
  • Harold Ambellan[22]
  • Luis Arenal[23]
  • Bruce Ariss[24]
  • Victor Arnautoff[25]
  • Sheva Ausubel[26]
  • Jozef Bakos[27]
  • Henry Bannarn[28]
  • Belle Baranceanu[29]
  • Patrociño Barela[xxx]
  • Volition Barnet[31]
  • Richmond Barthé[32]
  • Herbert Bayer[1] : 195
  • William Baziotes[33]
  • Lester Beall[1] : 194
  • Harrison Begay[34]
  • Daisy Maud Bellis[35] [36]
  • Rainey Bennett[37] : 138
  • Aaron Berkman[38]
  • Leon Bibel[39]
  • Robert Blackburn[1] : 170
  • Arnold Blanch[37] : 153
  • Lucile Blanch[40]
  • Lucienne Bloch[4]
  • Aaron Bohrod[37] : 144
  • Ilya Bolotowsky[41] [42]
  • Adele Brandeis[43]
  • Louise Brann[44]
  • Edgar Britton[37] : 138
  • Manuel Bromberg[45]
  • James Brooks[46] [47]
  • Selma Burke[48]
  • Letterio Calapai[49]
  • Samuel Cashwan[37] : 156
  • Giorgio Cavallon[50]
  • Daniel Celentano[51]
  • Dane Chanase[52]
  • Fay Chong[53]
  • Claude Clark[54]
  • Max Arthur Cohn[55]
  • Eldzier Cortor[56]
  • Arthur Covey[57]
  • Alfred D. Crimi[58]
  • Francis Criss[59]
  • Allan Crite[37] : 144
  • Robert Cronbach[22]
  • John Steuart Back-scratch[57]
  • Philip Campbell Curtis[60]
  • James Daugherty[57]
  • Stuart Davis[61]
  • Adolf Dehn[62]
  • Willem de Kooning[1] : 186
  • Burgoyne Diller[63]
  • Isami Doi[64]
  • Mabel Dwight[1] : 180, 182
  • Ruth Egri[65]
  • Fritz Eichenberg[66]
  • Jacob Elshin[53]
  • George Pearse Ennis[67]
  • Angna Enters[68]
  • Philip Evergood[1] : 161, 174
  • Louis Ferstadt[69]
  • Alexander Finta[70]
  • Joseph Chip[34]
  • Seymour Fogel[4] [37] : 138
  • Lily Furedi[71]
  • Todros Geller[72]
  • Aaron Gelman[57]
  • Eugenie Gershoy[73]
  • Enrico Glicenstein[74]
  • Vincent Glinsky[75]
  • Bertram Goodman[76]
  • Arshile Gorky[1] : 186
  • Harry Gottlieb[37] : 154
  • Blanche Grambs[37] : 154
  • Morris Graves[53]
  • Balcomb Greene[42]
  • Marion Greenwood[77]
  • Waylande Gregory[78]
  • Philip Guston[1] : 161
  • Irving Guyer[79]
  • Abraham Harriton[80]
  • Marsden Hartley[1] : 161
  • Knute Heldner[81]
  • Baronial Henkel[82]
  • Ralf Henricksen[83]
  • Magnus Colcord Heurlin[57]
  • Hilaire Hiler[37] : 145
  • Louis Hirshman[84] [85]
  • Donal Hord[86]
  • Axel Horn[87]
  • Milton Horn[88]
  • Allan Houser[34]
  • Eitaro Ishigaki[89]
  • Edwin Boyd Johnson[37] : 140
  • Sargent Claude Johnson[ninety]
  • Tom Loftin Johnson[91]
  • William H. Johnson[92]
  • Leonard D. Jungwirth[56]
  • Reuben Kadish[93]
  • Sheffield Kagy[94]
  • Jacob Kainen[95]
  • David Karfunkle[96]
  • Leon Kelly[37] : 145
  • Paul Kelpe[42]
  • Troy Kinney[57]
  • Georgina Klitgaard[37] : 145
  • Gene Kloss[37] : 154
  • Karl Knaths[37] : 141, 146
  • Edwin B. Knutesen[97]
  • Lee Krasner[98]
  • Kalman Kubinyi[99]
  • Yasuo Kuniyoshi[37] : 154
  • Jacob Lawrence[i] : 161
  • Edward Laning[37] : 141
  • Michael Lantz[100]
  • Blanche Lazzell[37] : 154
  • Tom Lea[101]
  • Lawrence Lebduska[37] : 146
  • Joseph LeBoit[102]
  • William Robinson Leigh[34]
  • Julian Eastward. Levi[37] : 146
  • Jack Levine[37] : 146
  • Monty Lewis[103]
  • Elba Lightfoot[104]
  • Abraham Lishinsky[37] : 141
  • Michael Loew[105]
  • Thomas Gaetano LoMedico[106]
  • Louis Lozowick[1] : 168, 171
  • Nan Lurie[37] : 155
  • Guy Maccoy[107]
  • Stanton Macdonald-Wright[108]
  • George McNeil[37] : 144
  • Moissaye Marans[109]
  • David Margolis[110]
  • Kyra Markham[37] : 155
  • Jack Markow][111]
  • Mercedes Matter[112]
  • Jan Matulka[37] : 144
  • Dina Melicov[113]
  • Hugh Mesibov[114]
  • Katherine Milhous[37] : 163
  • Jo Mora[115]
  • Helmuth Naumer[34]
  • Louise Nevelson[116]
  • James Michael Newell[117]
  • Spencer Baird Nichols[57]
  • Elizabeth Olds[118]
  • John Opper[119]
  • William C. Palmer[37] : 142 [120]
  • Phillip Pavia[57]
  • Irene Rice Pereira[121]
  • Jackson Pollock[122]
  • George Mail[37] : 150
  • Gregorio Prestopino[37] : 147
  • Mac Raboy[123]
  • Anton Refregier[37] : 155
  • Ad Reinhardt[124]
  • Misha Reznikoff[37] : 147
  • Mischa Richter[57]
  • Diego Rivera[125]
  • José de Rivera[126]
  • Emanuel Glicen Romano[127]
  • Marking Rothko[1] : 161
  • Alexander Rummler[57]
  • Augusta Savage[128] [129]
  • Concetta Scaravaglione[37] : 157
  • Louis Schanker[130]
  • Edwin Scheier[131]
  • Mary Scheier[131]
  • Carl Schmitt[57]
  • William S. Schwartz[37] : 147
  • Georgette Seabrooke[132]
  • Ben Shahn[133] [134]
  • William Howard Shuster[135]
  • Mitchell Siporin[136]
  • John French Sloan[5]
  • Joseph Solman[137]
  • William Sommer[37] : 151
  • Isaac Soyer[138]
  • Moses Soyer[one] : 161
  • Raphael Soyer[1] : 32
  • Ralph Stackpole[139]
  • Cesare Stea[140]
  • Walter Steinhart[57]
  • Joseph Stella[ane] : 175
  • Harry Sternberg[1] : 167
  • Sakari Suzuki[141]
  • Albert Swinden[42] [142]
  • Rufino Tamayo[37] : 151
  • Elizabeth Terrell[37] : 147
  • Lenore Thomas[i] : 323
  • Dox Thrash[3] : 373
  • Marker Tobey[i] : 161 [53]
  • Harry Everett Townsend[57]
  • Edward Buk Ulreich[47]
  • Charles Umlauf[143]
  • Jacques Van Aalten[144]
  • Stuyvesant Van Veen[145]
  • Herman Volz[146]
  • Mark Voris[147]
  • John Augustus Walker[148]
  • Andrew Winter[five]
  • Jean Xceron[149]
  • Edgar Yaeger[150]
  • Bernard Zakheim[151] [152]
  • Karl Zerbe[37] : 148

[edit]

Jacksonville Negro Art Center, Jacksonville, Florida

Poster for the opening of the Stonemason City Art Middle, Mason Urban center, Iowa (1941)

Course at the Harlem Customs Fine art Middle (Jan ane, 1938)

Poster for the open up business firm of the Greensboro Art Center, Greensboro, North Carolina (1937)

Curry County Art Middle, Gold Beach, Oregon

The showtime federally sponsored customs art center opened in December 1936 in Raleigh, Due north Carolina.[153]

Land City Name Notes
Alabama Birmingham Extension art gallery[iii] : 441
Alabama Birmingham Healey Schoolhouse Art Gallery [3] : 441
Alabama Mobile Mobile Art Centre, Public Library Edifice [3] : 441
Arizona Phoenix Phoenix Art Center [3] : 441
District of Columbia Washington, D.C. Children'south Art Gallery [iii] : 441
Florida Bradenton Bradenton Art Center [three] : 441
Florida Coral Gables Coral Gables Art Gallery Extension art gallery[3] : 441
Florida Daytona Beach Daytona Beach Fine art Middle [3] : 441
Florida Jacksonville Jacksonville Art Eye [3] : 441
Florida Jacksonville Jacksonville Embankment Fine art Gallery Extension art gallery[3] : 441
Florida Jacksonville Jacksonville Negro Art Center Extension art gallery[3] : 441 [154]
Florida Key West Key West Customs Fine art Center [3] : 441
Florida Miami Miami Fine art Center [3] : 441
Florida Milton Milton Art Gallery Extension art gallery[3] : 441
Florida New Smyrna Beach New Smyrna Beach Art Center [3] : 441
Florida Ocala Ocala Fine art Center [iii] : 441
Florida Pensacola Pensacola Art Eye [3] : 441
Florida St. Petersburg Hashemite kingdom of jordan Park Negro Exhibition Eye [3] : 441
Florida Leningrad St. petersburg Art Middle [3] : 442
Florida St. Petersburg Saint petersburg Civic Exhibition Center [3] : 442
Florida Tampa Tampa Art Center [3] : 442
Florida Tampa West Tampa Negro Fine art Gallery [3] : 442
Illinois Chicago Hyde Park Art Middle [3] : 442
Illinois Chicago South Side Community Art Center [3] : 442
Iowa Mason City Mason City Fine art Middle [3] : 442
Iowa Ottumwa Ottumwa Art Center [iii] : 442
Iowa Sioux Urban center Sioux Metropolis Art Heart [3] : 442
Kansas Topeka Topeka Art Heart [iii] : 442
Minnesota Minneapolis Walker Fine art Center [iii] : 442 [155]
Mississippi Greenville Delta Art Center [three] : 442
Mississippi Oxford Oxford Fine art Center [3] : 442 [156]
Mississippi Sunflower Sunflower Canton Art Center [3] : 442
Missouri St. Louis The People's Art Center [3] : 442
Montana Butte Butte Art Center [iii] : 442
Montana Cracking Falls Bully Falls Art Eye [3] : 442
New Mexico Gallup Gallup Fine art Middle [iii] : 443 [34]
New Mexico Melrose Melrose Art Center [3] : 443
New Mexico Roswell Roswell Museum and Fine art Middle [three] : 443
New York Metropolis Brooklyn Brooklyn Community Art Center [3] : 443
New York City Manhattan Contemporary Fine art Center [3] : 443 [157]
New York City Harlem Harlem Customs Art Center [3] : 443
New York Metropolis Flushing, Queens Queensboro Community Art Center [3] : 443
North Carolina Cary Cary Gallery Extension fine art gallery[iii] : 443
Northward Carolina Greensboro Greensboro Art Centre [153]
North Carolina Greenville Greenville Fine art Gallery [3] : 443
Due north Carolina Raleigh Crosby-Garfield Schoolhouse Extension art gallery[three] : 443
North Carolina Raleigh Needham B. Broughton High School Extension art gallery[3] : 443
North Carolina Raleigh Raleigh Art Center [3] : 444
Northward Carolina Wilmington Wilmington Art Center [3] : 443
Oklahoma Bristow Bristow Art Gallery Extension art gallery[3] : 443
Oklahoma Claremore Claremore Fine art Gallery Extension fine art gallery[three] : 443
Oklahoma Claremore Will Rogers Public Library Extension art gallery[3] : 443
Oklahoma Clinton Clinton Art Gallery Extension art gallery[3] : 443
Oklahoma Cushing Cushing Fine art Gallery Extension art gallery[3] : 443
Oklahoma Edmond Edmond Art Gallery Extension art gallery[iii] : 443
Oklahoma Marlow Marlow Art Gallery Extension art gallery[3] : 443
Oklahoma Oklahoma City Oklahoma Art Eye [3] : 443
Oklahoma Okmulgee Okmulgee Art Center Extension fine art gallery[3] : 443
Oklahoma Sapulpa Sapulpa Art Gallery Extension art gallery[3] : 443
Oklahoma Shawnee Shawnee Art Gallery Extension art gallery[3] : 443
Oklahoma Skiatook Skiatook Art Gallery Extension fine art gallery[iii] : 443
Oregon Gold Beach Curry Canton Art Center [3] : 444
Oregon La Grande Grande Ronde Valley Art Eye [iii] : 444
Oregon Salem Salem Art Eye [three] : 444
Pennsylvania Somerset Somerset Art Middle [3] : 444
Tennessee Chattanooga Hamilton County Fine art Eye [iii] : 444
Tennessee Memphis LeMoyne Art Eye [three] : 444
Tennessee Nashville Peabody Art Heart [3] : 444
Tennessee Norris Anderson County Art Center [iii] : 444
Utah Cedar City Cedar City Art Exhibition Clan Extension art gallery[three] : 444
Utah Helper Helper Community Gallery Extension art gallery[3] : 444
Utah Toll Price Community Gallery Extension art gallery[3] : 444
Utah Provo Provo Community Gallery Extension fine art gallery[3] : 444
Utah Common salt Lake City Utah State Fine art Heart [3] : 444
Virginia Altavista Altavista Extension Gallery Extension art gallery[3] : 445
Virginia Big Stone Gap Large Stone Gap Fine art Gallery [3] : 444
Virginia Lynchburg Lynchburg Art Gallery [3] : 444
Virginia Richmond Children's Art Gallery [3] : 444
Virginia Saluda Middlesex County Museum Extension art gallery[3] : 444
Washington Chehalis Lewis County Exhibition Center Extension fine art gallery[three] : 444
Washington Pullman Washington Land College Extension art gallery[iii] : 444
Washington Spokane Spokane Art Centre [3] : 444 [158]
Due west Virginia Morgantown Morgantown Fine art Center [3] : 445
Due west Virginia Parkersburg Parkersburg Art Eye [iii] : 445
West Virginia Scotts Run Scotts Run Fine art Gallery Extension art gallery[3] : 445
Wyoming Casper Casper Art Gallery Extension art gallery[3] : 445
Wyoming Lander Lander Art Gallery Extension fine art gallery[iii] : 445
Wyoming Laramie Laramie Art Heart [3] : 445
Wyoming Newcastle Lander Art Gallery Extension art gallery[3] : 445
Wyoming Rawlins Rawlins Fine art Gallery Extension art gallery[3] : 445
Wyoming Riverton Riverton Art Gallery Extension fine art gallery[3] : 445
Wyoming Stone Springs Stone Springs Fine art Gallery Extension art gallery[3] : 445
Wyoming Sheridan Sheridan Art Gallery Extension art gallery[3] : 445
Wyoming Torrington Torrington Art Gallery Extension art gallery[3] : 445

Index of American Design [edit]

Federal Art Projection Illinois affiche for an exhibition of the Index of American Design

Every bit we study the drawings of the Index of American Design we realize that the hands that made the first ii hundred years of this country's material culture expressed something more than than untutored creative instinct and the rude vigor of a frontier civilization. … The Index, in bringing together thousands of particulars from various sections of the state, tells the story of American hand skills and traces intelligible patterns within that story.

—Holger Cahill, national director of the Federal Art Project[159] : xv


The Alphabetize of American Blueprint program of the Federal Art Project produced a pictorial survey of the crafts and decorative arts of the United States from the early colonial period to 1900. Artists working for the Index produced nearly eighteen,000 meticulously faithful watercolor drawings,[1] : 226 documenting material civilization by largely anonymous artisans.[159] : nine Objects range from piece of furniture, silver, drinking glass, stoneware and textiles to tavern signs, ships's figureheads, cigar-store figures, carousel horses, toys, tools and weather vanes.[i] : 224 [160] Photography was used only to a express degree since artists could more accurately and effectively present the form, character, color and texture of the objects. The all-time drawings approach the work of such 19th-century trompe-l'œil painters as William Harnett; bottom works correspond the process of artists who were given employment and practiced grooming.[159] : xiv

"It was non a nostalgic or antiquarian enterprise," wrote historian Roger G. Kennedy. "It was initiated by modernists dedicated to abstract design, hoping to influence industrial design — thus in many ways it parallelled the founding philosophy of the Museum of Modern Art in New York."[1] : 224

Like all WPA programs, the Index had the master purpose of providing employment.[161] Its part was to identify and record material of historical significance that had not been studied and was in danger of being lost. Its aim was to assemble together these pictorial records into a body of cloth that would form the basis for organic development of American design — a usable American past accessible to artists, designers, manufacturers, museums, libraries and schools. The United states had no single comprehensive collection of authenticated historical native design comparable to those available to scholars, artists and industrial designers in Europe.[162]

"In one sense the Index is a kind of archaeology," wrote Holger Cahill. "It helps to correct a bias which has tended to relegate the work of the craftsman and the folk artist to the hidden of our history where it can be recovered only by earthworks. In the past we have lost whole sequences out of their story, and accept all but forgotten the unique contribution of paw skills in our culture."[159] : xv

The Index of American Design operated in 34 states and the District of Columbia from 1935 to 1942. Information technology was founded by Romana Javitz, head of the Picture Drove of the New York Public Library, and material designer Ruth Reeves.[1] : 224 Reeves was appointed the beginning national coordinator; she was succeeded by C. Adolph Glassgold (1936) and Benjamin Knotts (1940). Constance Rourke was national editor.[159] : xii The piece of work is in the collection of the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C.[163]

The Alphabetize employed an boilerplate of 300 artists during its vi years in operation.[159] : fourteen I artist was Magnus South. Fossum, a longtime farmer who was compelled by the Depression to motion from the Midwest to Florida. Later he lost his left paw in an accident in 1934, he produced watercolor renderings for the Index, using magnifiers and drafting instruments for accuracy and precision. Fossum eventually received an insurance settlement that fabricated it possible for him to buy another subcontract and exit the Federal Art Project.[1] : 228

In her essay,'Picturing a Usable Past,' Virginia Tuttle Clayton, curator of the 2002-2003 exhibition, Drawing on America'due south Past: Folk Art, Modernism, and the Index of American Pattern, held at the National Gallery of Art noted that "the Index of American Design was the result of an ambitious and artistic effort to furnish for the visual arts a usable past."[164]

  • church of sanctuario at chimayo-panel from reredos

  • Fly Catcher, 1937.Frank McEntee - National Gallery of Art.

  • Magnus Fossum copying the 1770 Boston Town Coverlet (February 1940)

  • Boston Town Coverlet
    Magnus Fossum (1935–1942)

  • Poke Bonnet,Irene Lawson. Alphabetize of American Design.National Gallery of Art

  • Daguerreotype Case Alphabetize of American Design

  • "Historic period of Knightly" Circus Wagon, c. 1938

  • Noah'southward Ark with animals-Dominicus toy

WPA Art Recovery Project [edit]

External video
Sixthaveatfourteenth FAP John Sloan.jpg
video icon Returning America's Art to America, Full general Services Administration[165]

Hundreds of thousands of artworks were commissioned under the Federal Art Project.[5] Many of the portable works have been lost, abased, or given away every bit unauthorized gifts. As custodian of the work, which remains federal property, the Full general Services Administration (GSA) maintains an inventory[166] and works with the FBI and art customs to identify and recover WPA art.[167] In 2010, it produced a 22-minute documentary about the WPA Art Recovery Project, "Returning America'south Art to America", narrated past Charles Osgood.[168]

In July 2014, the GSA estimated that only xx,000 of the portable works have been located to date.[166] [169] In 2015, GSA investigators plant 122 Federal Fine art Project paintings in California libraries, where about had been stored and forgotten.[170]

See also [edit]

  • Listing of Federal Art Project artists
  • Section of Painting and Sculpture
  • Public Works of Art Projection
  • Subcontract Security Administration which employed photographers.

References [edit]

  1. ^ a b c d eastward f g h i j thousand l one thousand n o p q r s t u v westward x y z aa ab Kennedy, Roger G.; Larkin, David (2009). When Art Worked: The New Deal, Fine art, and Democracy. New York: Rizzoli International Publications, Inc. ISBN978-0-8478-3089-iii.
  2. ^ "Employment and Activities poster for the WPA's Federal Art Project, 1936". Athenaeum of American Art. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2015-06-16 .
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k 50 g north o p q r s t u v w ten y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd exist bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx past bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq Kalfatovic, Martin R. (1994). The New Deal Fine Arts Projects: A Bibliography, 1933–1992. Metuchen, Due north.J.: Scarecrow Press. ISBN0-8108-2749-2 . Retrieved 2015-06-17 .
  4. ^ a b c Brenner, Anita (April x, 1938). "America Creates American Murals". The New York Times . Retrieved 2015-06-sixteen .
  5. ^ a b c d due east Naylor, Brian (April 16, 2014). "New Deal Treasure: Government Searches For Long-Lost Art". All Things Considered. NPR. Retrieved 2015-06-thirteen .
  6. ^ "New Deal Artwork: GSA'south Inventory Project". General Services Administration. Retrieved 2015-06-16 .
  7. ^ Atkins, Robert (1993). ArtSpoke: A Guide to Modern Ideas, Movements, and Buzzwords, 1848-1944. Abbeville Press. ISBN 978-one-55859-388-vi.
  8. ^ a b c Whaley, M. P. (April 30, 2014). "Depression-Era Milwaukee Handicraft Project Put Thousands of People to Work". The Kathleen Dunn Show. Wisconsin Public Radio. Retrieved 2015-11-29 .
  9. ^ "WPA – Milwaukee Handicraft Projection". Museum of Wisconsin Art. Retrieved 2015-11-29 .
  10. ^ Roosevelt, Eleanor (November 13, 1936). "My Day". Eleanor Roosevelt Papers Project. The George Washington University. Retrieved 2015-06-sixteen .
  11. ^ "WPA Milwaukee Handicraft Project". School of Standing Pedagogy, Employment and Training Institute. University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee. Retrieved 2015-11-29 .
  12. ^ "WPA Art Project". Library. Minnesota Historical Society. Retrieved 2015-xi-29 .
  13. ^ Smithsonian. Athenaeum of American Fine art. George Godfrey Thorp papers, 1941–1970
  14. ^ Ehrich, Nancy and Roger. "William Ernst Ehrich Biography". Retrieved 17 August 2018.
  15. ^ "Oral history interview with William Abbenseth". Archives of American Fine art. Smithsonian Institution. November 23, 1964. Retrieved 2015-06-16 .
  16. ^ "Background". Changing New York. New York Public Library. Retrieved 2015-06-16 .
  17. ^ "Gertrude Abercrombie papers". Athenaeum of American Fine art. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2015-06-eleven .
  18. ^ "The Creative person and His Life". The Artwork of Benjamin Abramowitz (1917–2011). S.A. Rosenbaum & Associates. Archived from the original on 2015-08-12. Retrieved 2015-06-sixteen .
  19. ^ "Abe Ajay, Industry". The Collection Online. Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 2015-06-22 .
  20. ^ "Oral history interview with Maxine Albro and Parker Hall". Archives of American Art. Smithsonian Establishment. July 27, 1964. Retrieved 2015-06-sixteen .
  21. ^ "Oral history interview with Charles Henry Alston". Athenaeum of American Art. Smithsonian Establishment. September 28, 1965. Retrieved 2015-06-16 .
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Further reading [edit]

  • DeNoon, Christopher. Posters of the WPA (Los Angeles: Wheatley Press, 1987).
  • Grieve, Victoria. The Federal Art Project and the Creation of Middlebrow Culture (2009) excerpt
  • Kennedy, Roger Chiliad.; David Larkin (2009). When art worked. New York: Rizzoli. ISBN978-0-8478-3089-three.
  • Kelly, Andrew, Kentucky by Design: American Civilization, the Decorative Arts and the Federal Art Project'south Alphabetize of American Pattern, Academy Press of Kentucky, 2015, ISBN 978-0-8131-5567-viii
  • Russo, Jillian. "The Works Progress Administration Federal Fine art Project Reconsidered." Visual Resources 34.1-ii (2018): 13-32.

External links [edit]

  • The Living New Deal inquiry project and online public annal at the Academy of California, Berkeley
  • Recovering America'due south Art for America (2010), General Services Assistants curt documentary about efforts to recover WPA fine art
  • Posters for the People, online annal of WPA posters
  • WPA Posters collection at the Library of Congress
  • New Deal Art Registry
  • wpamurals.com – links to each state, with examples of WPA art in each
  • Federal Art Projection Photographic Sectionalization drove at the Smithsonian Archives of American Fine art
  • "1934: A New Bargain for Artists" Exhibition at the Smithsonian American Art Museum
  • "Art Within Achieve": Federal Art Projection Customs Art Centers at George Mason University
  • WPA Murals and American Abstract Artists at American Abstruse Artists
  • WPA Prints and Murals in New York
  • Collection: "Art of the Works Progress Assistants WPA" from the University of Michigan Museum of Fine art

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Art_Project

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